Willingness to vaccinate against influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 among Brazilian civil servants: Pró-Saúde cohort study / Disposição para vacinar contra influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 entre funcionários técnico-administrativos universitários: estudo de coorte Pró-Saúde

ABSTRACT: Objective: To investigate sociodemographic factors associated with the willingness to take the pandemic influenza vaccine. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of Brazilian civil servants participating in the fourth wave (2012-2013) of the longitudinal Pró-Saúde Study. Associations were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), estimated by multivariate logistic regression models. Results: Among 2,828 participants, 15.9% would not be willing to vaccinate in the future if the Brazilian Ministry of Health promoted a new vaccination campaign against pandemic influenza. Not willing to vaccinate in the future was strongly associated with not taking the pandemic influenza vaccine in 2010 (OR = 9.0, 95%CI 6.9 - 11.6). Among the unvaccinated, females, those aged > 60 years, and non-health care workers were less willing to vaccinate in the future. Again, in the vaccinated group, females were less willing to vaccinate. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary efforts should be encouraged in order to identify reasons for refusing vaccination, focusing on the individual and group perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers to vaccination. Such information is needed to identify target groups for the delivery of customized interventions towards preventing emerging pandemics, such as avian influenza and COVID-19.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Investigar fatores sociodemográficos associados à disposição em adotar a vacina contra influenza pandêmica. Métodos: Estudo transversal entre servidores técnico-administrativos participantes da quarta onda (2012-2013) do estudo longitudinal Pró-Saúde. Associações foram expressas como razões de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%), estimados mediante modelos de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Entre os 2.828 participantes, 15,9% não estariam dispostos a serem vacinados no futuro se o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil promovesse uma nova campanha de vacinação contra influenza pandêmica. Não estar disposto a ser vacinado no futuro foi fortemente associado a não receber a vacina contra influenza pandêmica em 2010 (RC = 9,0, IC95% 6,9 - 11,6). Entre os não vacinados, mulheres, maiores de 60 anos e profissionais de outras áreas que não a saúde estavam menos dispostos a serem vacinados no futuro. Novamente, para aqueles vacinados, as mulheres estavam menos dispostas a serem vacinadas. Conclusão: Abordagens multidisciplinares devem ser estimuladas para identificar as razões para recusa vacinal, com foco nas percepções individual e coletivas sobre suscetibilidade, gravidade, benefícios e barreiras à vacinação. Essas informações são necessárias para identificar grupos-alvo para a oferta de intervenções particularizadas para a prevenção de pandemias emergentes, como a de influenza aviária e de covid-19.

Reasons for non-vaccination against influenza among older adults with hypertension in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of non-vaccination against influenza among Brazilian older adults with systemic arterial hypertension and determine the main reasons for non-adherence. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from older adults (≥ 60 years of age) with hypertension who participated in the 2013 National Health Survey and reported not having been vaccinated against flu over the previous 12 months (n = 1,295). The analyses were performed using the Stata 14.0 software. The data were weighted because of the sampling design. An estimated 3,026,080 older adults with hypertension had not received a flu vaccine over the 12 months prior to the survey (22.6%). No significant associations were found with sex, age group or schooling. The prevalence of unvaccinated older adults was lower in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil than in the northern and northeastern regions, even after adjusting for age. The prevalence was higher among individuals without private health insurance. The main reasons for non-vaccination were fear of a reaction, rarely having the flu and not believing in the protection of the vaccine. The present findings underscore the need for healthcare professionals to explain to the population the benefits of the vaccine for preventing severe influenza (protective effect and possible reactions) and for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Increasing the prevalence of vaccination in older adults with hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases is of fundamental importance within the realm of public health as a strategy for reducing occurrences of complications and deaths associated with influenza.

Recordatorio a través de múltiples cartas para vacunación contra influenza / Multiple mail reminders to increase adherence to influenza vaccination

INTRODUCCIÓN: Distintas intervenciones han sido propuestas para reforzar el uso de la vacuna contra la influenza. El uso de recordatorios, ya sea a través de cartas, llamadas telefónicas, panfletos o aplicaciones tecnológicas, entre otras, ha destacado dentro de aquellas orientadas a incrementar la adherencia al tratamiento. Sin embargo, su efectividad no está clara. En este resumen, que forma parte de una serie de evaluaciones de recordatorios, se abordará el envío de múltiples recordatorios enviados por correo. MÉTODOS: Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un meta-análisis y prepara-mos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos ocho revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron 35 estudios primarios, de los cuales cuatro corresponden a ensayos aleatorizados que analizan el uso de múltiples recordatorios enviados por correo. Concluimos que más de un recordatorio enviado por correo probablemente aumenta la adherencia a vacunación contra influenza en pacientes mayores de 60 años, mien-tras que podría resultar en poca o nula diferencia en menores de 6 años, pero la certeza de la evidencia es baja.

INTRODUCTION: Different interventions have been proposed to reinforce the use of the influenza vaccine. The use of reminders, whether through letters, phone calls, pamphlets or technological applications, among others, has stood out among those aimed at increasing ad-herence to treatment. However, its effectiveness is not clear. In this summary, which is part of a series of reminder evaluations, we assess the use of multiple mail reminders. METHODS: We conducted a search in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic health reviews, which is maintained by screening multiple sources of information, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted the data from the identified reviews, analyzed the data from the primary studies, performed a meta-analysis and prepared a summary table of the results using the GRADE method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified eight systematic reviews including 35 primary studies, of which four analyze the use of more than one letter as a reminder. We conclude that the use of multiple mail reminders probably increase adherence to influenza vaccination in patients over 60; while it may make little or no difference in children under 6 years, but the certainty of the evidence is low.

Influenza A (H1N1): outbreak management in a dialysis unit and clinical outcomes of infection in chronic hemodialysis patients / Influenza A (H1N1): controle de surto em unidade de diálise e desfechos clínicos da infecção em pacientes em hemodiálise crônica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients are considered to be at high risk for infection. Here, we describe the clinical outcomes of chronic HD patients with influenza A (H1N1) infection and the strategies adopted to control an outbreak of influenza A in a dialysis unit. Methods: Among a total of 62 chronic HD patients, H1N1 infection was identified in 12 (19.4%). Of the 32 staff members, four (12.5%) were found to be infected with the H1N1 virus. Outcomes included symptoms at presentation, comorbidities, occurrence of hypoxemia, hospital admission, and clinical evaluation. Infection was confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results: The 12 patients who had H1N1 infection did not differ significantly from the other 50 non-infected patients with respect to age, sex, dialysis vintage, dialysis modality, or proportion of comorbidities. Obesity was higher in the H1N1-infected group (41.5 vs. 4%, p<0.002). The most common symptoms were fever (92%), cough (92%), and rhinorrhea (83%). Early empirical antiviral treatment with oseltamivir was started in symptomatic patients and infection control measures, including the intensification of contact-reduction measures by the staff members, antiviral chemoprophylaxis to asymptomatic patients undergoing HD in the same shift of infected patients, and dismiss of staff members suspected of being infected, were implemented to control the spread of infection in the dialysis unit. Conclusion: The clinical course of infection with H1N1 in our patients was favorable. None of the patients developed severe disease and the strategies adopted to control the outbreak were successful.

RESUMO Introdução: Pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) crônica apresentam risco elevado para infecções. O presente estudo descreve os desfechos clínicos de pacientes em HD crônica com infecção pelo vírus influenza A (H1N1) e as estratégias adotadas para controlar um surto de influenza A numa unidade de diálise. Métodos: Doze (19,4%) de 62 pacientes em HD crônica e quatro (12,5%) de 32 funcionários desta unidade de diálise apresentaram infecção pelo vírus H1N1. Os desfechos incluíram sintomas à apresentação, comorbidades, ocorrência de hipoxemia, internação hospitalar e avaliação clínica. A presença de infecção foi confirmada por reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) em tempo real. Resultados: Os 12 pacientes com infecção por H1N1 não diferiram significativamente dos 50 pacientes sem infecção no tocante a idade, sexo, tempo em diálise, modalidade de diálise e percentual de comorbidades. O percentual de obesidade foi mais elevado no grupo com infecção por H1N1 (41,5% vs. 4%, p<0,002). Os sintomas mais comuns foram febre (92%), tosse (92%) e rinorreia (83%). Os pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento antiviral com oseltamivir e medidas de controle (intensificação das medidas de redução de contato pelos funcionários da clínica, quimioprofilaxia com antiviral para pacientes assintomáticos em HD na mesma sala dos pacientes com infecção e afastamento de funcionários da clínica com suspeita de infecção) para controlar a disseminação da infecção pela unidade de diálise. Conclusão: O curso clínico da infecção por H1N1 em nossos pacientes foi favorável. Nenhum evoluiu para doença grave e as estratégias adotadas foram efetivas no controle do surto.

Recordatorio enviado por correo postal para aumentar adherencia a vacunación contra influenza / Reminder sent by mail to increase adherence to influenza vaccination

INTRODUCCIÓN Distintas intervenciones han sido propuestas para reforzar el uso de la vacuna contra la influenza. El uso de recordatorios, ya sea a través de cartas, llamadas telefónicas, panfletos o aplicaciones tecnológicas, entre otras, ha destacado dentro de aquellas orientadas a incrementar la adherencia al tratamiento. Sin embargo, su efectividad no está clara. En este resumen, el primero de una serie de evaluación de recordatorios, se abordará el uso de un recordatorio enviado por correo. MÉTODOS Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un meta-análisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES Identificamos ocho revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron 35 estudios primarios, de los cuales, 32 corresponden a ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que un recordatorio enviado por correo probablemente aumenta la adherencia a vacunación contra influenza en todos los grupos etarios (población adulta, mayores de 60 años y menores de 18 años).

INTRODUCTION Different interventions have been proposed to improve influenza vaccine coverage. The use of reminders, through letters, phone calls, pamphlets or technological applications, among others, has stood out among the different alternatives to increase adherence to vaccination. However, its effectiveness is not clear. In this summary, the first of a series of evaluation of reminders will address the use of a reminder sent by mail. METHODS We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the identified reviews, analyzed the data from the primary studies, performed a meta-analysis and prepared a summary table of the results using the GRADE method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified eight systematic reviews that included 35 primary studies, of which 32 correspond to randomized trials. We concluded that a reminder sent by mail, probably increase adherence to influenza vaccination in all age groups (adult population, over 60 an under 18)

Vaccination against influenza among pregnant women in southern Brazil and associated factors / Vacinação contra Influenza entre gestantes no Sul do Brasil e fatores associados

Abstract This article aims to identify the prevalence and factors associated with influenza vaccination in pregnant women. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a municipality in the southernmost region of Brazil, which included all women giving birth in 2016. The outcome was having received the vaccine against influenza during pregnancy. Sociodemographic, behavioral and prenatal care characteristics and morbidities were analyzed. The analysis included sample description, the prevalence of vaccination for each independent variable and a multivariate analysis. Two thousand six hundred ninety-four pregnant women were interviewed, of which 53.9% reported having been vaccinated. Factors associated with increased prevalence of vaccination were mother's higher schooling, prenatal care, tetanus vaccination and prenatal care performed in a public service. On the other hand, prenatal care onset after the first quarter reduced the prevalence of vaccination. The results point to the need to reinforce the importance of vaccination against influenza among pregnant women and among health professionals, regardless of the severity of the current epidemiological setting.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a prevalência da imunização contra a gripe em mulheres grávidas e seus fatores associados. Estudo transversal realizado em um município no extremo sul do Brasil, que incluiu todas as mulheres que deram à luz no ano de 2016. O desfecho foi ter recebido a vacina contra a gripe durante a gravidez. Características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, do pré-natal e morbidades foram analisadas como fatores associados à vacinação. A análise constou de descrição da amostra, prevalência da vacinação para cada uma das variáveis independentes e análise multivariada. Foram entrevistadas 2.694 parturientes, das quais 53,9% informaram ter recebido a vacina. Os fatores associados a uma maior prevalência de imunização foram: maior escolaridade materna, realização do pré-natal, ter realizado a vacina antitetânica e fazer o pré-natal em um serviço público. Por outro lado, o início do pré-natal após o primeiro trimestre reduziu a prevalência de imunização. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de reforçar a importância da imunização contra a Influenza entre mulheres grávidas e entre profissionais da saúde, independentemente da gravidade do atual cenário epidemiológico.

Clinical-epidemiological profile of deaths from influenza with a history of timely vaccination, Mexico 2010-2018

Introduction: Influenza epidemics are of higher risk at the extremes of life and in people with comorbidities. Effective vaccination prevents the occurrence of serious cases and decreases mortality. Objective: To describe deaths from influenza with a history of timely vaccination, from the 2010 to the 2018 season in Mexico. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive study where the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance System database was used. Results: From 2010 to 2018, 65 vaccinated individuals died from influenza, from which 55% of cases (n = 36) were due to type A (H1N1), 51% (n = 33) were females, median age was 57 years, 21 % (n = 14) did not meet the operational definition of influenza-like illness or severe acute respiratory infection, 83% (n = 54) had at least one comorbidity, with the most common being diabetes mellitus and hypertension (32% each); 55% (n = 36) of deaths received antiviral treatment and only 8% (n = 5) had no comorbidities and received treatment with oseltamivir. Conclusions: Deaths from influenza with timely vaccination represent a very low percentage of the totality. Vaccination against influenza has been a specific prevention strategy that decreases disease burden.

Trend of mortality from ischemic heart disease and influenza vaccination in older adults in São Paulo / Tendência da mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração e a vacinação contra influenza em idosos em São Paulo

Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze the mortality trend due to ischemic heart disease (IHD) among older adults, identify changes in the trend and determine the correlation with influenza vaccine coverage (2000 to 2012) in the state of São Paulo between 1980 and 2012. An ecological time series study was conducted involving secondary data from Brazilian information systems. Linear and polynomial regression models as well as joinpoint regression were used to estimate the trends. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between age-standardized mortality coefficients and vaccine coverage. A decreasing tendency in mortality due to IHD occurred in both sexes, higher mortality rates were found for males and greater reductions were found in the period after the vaccination campaigns. However, no statistically significant changes occurred in the year coinciding with or near the onset of the campaigns. In the overall sample, no evidence of a linear correlation was found between the mortality coefficients and vaccination coverage. Other factors directly associated with morbidity and mortality due to ischemic heart disease may have influenced the trend.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tendência dos coeficientes de mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC) nos idosos no estado de São Paulo, entre 1980 e 2012, identificar mudanças na tendência e verificar a relação entre as coberturas da vacinação contra influenza e os referidos coeficientes de mortalidade. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal, realizado com dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunização. Para análise dos dados, utilizaram-se técnicas de correlação, modelos de regressão linear, polinomial e joinpoint regression. Observou-se tendência de queda dos coeficientes de mortalidade por DIC em ambos os sexos, sobremortalidade masculina e redução mais expressiva dos coeficientes no período após a intervenção vacinal. As mudanças estatisticamente significativas encontradas nas tendências não ocorreram em ano coincidente ou próximo do início das campanhas. Para o total de idosos, não foi constatada correlação linear entre os coeficientes de mortalidade e as coberturas vacinais. Outros fatores associados à morbimortalidade dos idosos por DIC podem ter influenciado na tendência.

Fatores associados à aceitação da vacina influenza entre trabalhadores de saúde: conhecimento, atitude e prática / Factors associated with the acceptance of the influenza vaccine among health workers: knowledge, attitude and practice

Resumo A vacina influenza é recomendada para todos trabalhadores de saúde, mas sua cobertura permanece insatisfatória. Estudo transversal que objetivou identificar fatores associados à vacinação contra influenza, realizado com trabalhadores de saúde de um grande Complexo Hospitalar de Salvador, Bahia. Utilizou-se questionário autoaplicável baseado nos modelos "Conhecimento, Atitudes e Práticas" e "Health Belief Model". A variável dependente foi a vacinação contra influenza em 2014, e as independentes representaram fatores sociodemográficos, histórico vacinal, conhecimentos e atitudes sobre influenza/vacina influenza. Usou-se regressão logística, calculou-se odds ratio a intervalos de confiança de 95%, ajustando para sexo, idade e profissão. Elegeu-se o melhor modelo multivariado através de eliminação retrógada e do Critério de Informação de Akaike. Participaram 755 trabalhadores. A cobertura da vacina influenza foi de 61,5%, sendo maior entre enfermeiros (69,0%) e menor entre médicos (49,1%). Os fatores associados a vacinar-se contra influenza foram: conhecer que mesmo estando saudável deve-se vacinar (OR = 3,15; IC95%:1,74-5,71); saber que a vacina não protege por muitos anos (OR = 2,08; IC95%:1,30-3,33); e não temer efeitos adversos pós-vacinais (OR = 1,93; IC95%:1,26-2,95).

Abstract Influenza vaccine is recommended for all health workers, but vaccination coverage remains unsatisfactory. A cross-sectional study that aimed to identify factors associated with influenza vaccination was carried out with health workers from a large Hospital Complex in Salvador, Bahia. A self-administered questionnaire was used based on the models "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices" and "Health Belief Model". The dependent variable was the vaccination status against influenza in 2014, and the independent variables were sociodemographic factors, vaccine history, knowledge and attitudes about influenza/influenza vaccine. Logistic regression was used, odds ratio was calculated with 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for sex, age and occupation. The best multivariate model was chosen through backwards elimination and the Akaike Information Criterion. 755 workers participated. Influenza vaccine coverage was 61.5%, being higher among nurses (69.0%) and lower among physicians (49.1%). The factors associated with being vaccinated against influenza were: knowing that even when healthy, one must vaccinate against influenza (OR = 3.15; 95%CI:1.74-5.71); knowing that the vaccine does not protect for many years (OR = 2.08; 95%CI:1.30-3.33); and not to be afraid of post-vaccine adverse effects (OR = 1.93; 95%CI: 1.26-2.95).

Análisis de las Campañas de Vacunación Antigripal destinadas al personal de salud del HIBA: período 2016-2018 / Analysis of Influenza Vaccination Campaigns for HIBA health personnel: 2016-2018 period

Introducción: la vacunación antigripal es la forma más eficaz para prevenir la enfermedad por virus Influenza y sus complicaciones. La cobertura en los profesionales sanitarios es un indicador de calidad hospitalaria. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. A partir de registros vacunales, se calculó la cobertura para las campañas 2013 a 2018. Se compararon las coberturas por trienios. Se describieron características generales de las campañas de 2016 a 2018. Resultados: en 2016 se alcanzó la mayor tasa del período (59,79%, IC 95%:58,75-60,81); en 2017, la menor (34,46%, IC 95%:33,48-35,46). La campaña 2018 obtuvo una cobertura de 54,90% (IC 95%: 53,88-55,92) y se inició más tempranamente que otras. Al comparar las tasas trienales del período se observó una diferencia de proporción de -1,3% (IC 95%: -2.84-0.24). Durante los tres últimos años, el personal vacunado correspondió mayormente al sexo femenino, a la Sede Central y tenía relación contractual directa. Las mayores coberturas específicas correspondieron a la sede de San Justo y a los profesionales de enfermería. El puesto ambulante fue el que aplicó más vacunas. Conclusión: si bien hubo variaciones en las coberturas alcanzadas a lo largo de los años, siendo la del año 2016 la más elevada y la del año 2017 la más baja, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las coberturas alcanzadas al comparar trienios. Resulta necesario continuar realizando intervenciones adaptadas al contexto local que permitan alcanzar los objetivos de cobertura esperados. Discusión: se reconocieron varios obstáculos para alcanzar las coberturas esperadas. La educación al personal de salud, la evaluación sistematizada de los ESAVI (Eventos supuestamente atribuibles a vacunación e inmunización) y la descripción de los elementos que facilitaron las coberturas específicas elevadas de algunas subpoblaciones podrían contribuir para mejorar los resultados. (AU)

Introduction: influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus disease and its complications. Coverage in health professionals measurement is an indicator of hospital quality. Material and methods: descriptive cross-sectional study. From vaccination records, the coverage was calculated for the 2013 to 2018 campaigns. The coverage for three years was compared. General characteristics of the campaigns from 2016 to 2018 were described. Results: in 2016, the highest was achieved during the period (59.79%, IC 95%: 58.75 -60.81). In 2017, the lowest (34.46%, IC 95%: 33.48-35,46). The 2018 campaign achieved a coverage of 54.90% (IC 95%: 53.88-55.92) and started earlier than others. When comparing the triennial rates of the period, a difference of proportion of -1.3% was observed (IC 95%: -2.84-0.24). During the last three years, the vaccinated staff corresponded mostly to the female sex, to the headquarters and had a direct contractual relationship. The largest specific coverage corresponded to the San Justo headquarters and to nursing professionals. The ambulatory position was the post that applied the most vaccines. Conclusion: although there were variations in the coverage achieved over the years, with 2016 being the highest and 2017 being the lowest, there were no statistically significant differences in the coverage achieved when comparing trienniums. It is necessary to continue carrying out interventions adapted to the local context to achieve the expected coverage objectives. Discussion: several obstacles were recognized to reach the expected coverage. The education of health personnel, the systematic evaluation of the ESAVIs and the description of the elements that facilitated the high specific coverage of some subpopulations could contribute to improve the results. (AU)

Vaccination against influenza in elderly people: factors associated with acceptance and refusal of the vaccine

Abstract INTRODUCTION Immunization is the primary method of preventing influenza. The objective of this study was to describe reasons and determine causes of acceptance or refusal of the influenza vaccine by elderly people. METHODS: This cross-sectional and descriptive study included elderly patients (aged >60 years) from the City of Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: The sample comprised 185 people; 71.9% reported receiving the vaccine and 21% claimed to have experienced complications. CONCLUSIONS: The vaccination coverage was below the national goal; the reasons for not being vaccinated was "did not want to receive the vaccine", in addition to "forgot".

Mortalidade por doenças cerebrovasculares em idosos e a vacinação contra a influenza: Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1980-2012 / Mortality due to cerebrovascular disease among the elderly and vaccination against influenza: São Paulo State, Brazil, 1980-2012 / Mortalidad por enfermedades cerebrovasculares en ancianos y la vacunación contra la gripe: Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1980-2012

Este estudo descreve a tendência dos coeficientes de mortalidade por doenças cerebrovasculares (DCbV) em idosos no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1980 e 2012, antes e depois das campanhas de vacinação contra a influenza, e identifica pontos de mudanças. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal, realizado com dados de óbitos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde e dados populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizados modelos de regressão linear, polinomial e joinpoint regression. Entre 1980 e 2012, foram registrados 480.955 óbitos por DCbV. Os coeficientes médios de mortalidade diminuíram em ambos os sexos para todas as faixas etárias analisadas, com maior redução nas idades mais longevas e no sexo masculino. Observou-se queda significativa na tendência de mortalidade em 1998 para o sexo masculino, na faixa de 60-69 anos (annual percent change - APC = -3%, IC95%: -4,3; -1,6) e para o total dos idosos (APC = -3,8%, IC95%: -4,4; -3,1). Considerando-se o período como um todo, não se observaram pontos de mudanças para a faixa de 70-79 (average annual percent change - AAPC = -3,3%, IC95%: -3,5; -3,1) e, no sexo masculino, para o grupo ≥ 80 anos (AAPC = -2,9%, IC95%: -3,1; -2,6). Para o total de idosos, a redução percentual média foi de 3,1% ao ano (AAPC = -3,1%, IC95%: -3,5; -2,7). Os resultados mostraram redução da mortalidade por DCbV no período estudado, com diferentes variações percentuais de queda dos coeficientes. Os achados deste estudo adicionam informações para o debate sobre o possível efeito das campanhas de vacinação na redução da mortalidade por DCbV na população idosa.

This study describes the trend of the coefficients of mortality due to cerebrovascular diseases (CbVD) among the elderly in São Paulo State, Brazil, from 1980 to 2012, before and after influenza vaccination campaigns, and identifies change points. It is an ecological, time-series study carried out with death data from the Health Ministry's Mortality Information System and population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. We used linear, polynomial and joinpoint regression models in the data analysis. Between 1980 and 2012, there were 480,955 deaths due to CbVD. The mean mortality coefficients decreased for both sexes in all age groups we analyzed, with the greatest reduction in the older ages and male sex. We observed a significant reduction in the mortality trend in 1998 for male sex in the age group 60-69 years (annual percent change - APC = -3%, 95%CI: -4.3; -1.6) and for all elderly (APC = -3.8%, 95%CI: -4.4; -3.1). Considering the period as a whole, we did not observe change points for the age group 70-79 (average annual percent change - AAPC = -3.3%, 95%CI: -3.5; -3.1) and, for male sex, for the group ≥ 80 years (AAPC = -2.9%, 95%CI: -3.1; -2.6). For all elderly, the mean percentage reduction was of 3.1% per year (AAPC = -3.1%, 95%CI: -3.5; -2.7). Results show a reduction in the mortality due to CbVD in the period, with different percentage variations in coefficient reduction. The study's findings add information to the debate regarding possible effects of vaccination campaigns in reducing mortality due to CbVD among the elderly.

Este estudio describe la tendencia de los coeficientes de mortalidad por enfermedades cerebrovasculares (DCbV) en ancianos del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1980 y 2012, antes y después de las campañas de vacunación contra la gripe, e identifica puntos de cambio. Se trata de un estudio ecológico de serie temporal, realizado con datos de óbitos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad del Ministerio de la Salud y datos poblacionales del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal, polinomial y regresión joinpoint. Entre 1980 y 2012, se registraron 480.955 óbitos por DCbV. Los coeficientes medios de mortalidad disminuyeron en ambos sexos, en todas las franjas de edad analizadas, con una mayor reducción en las edades más longevas y dentro del sexo masculino. Se observó una caída significativa en la tendencia de la mortalidad en 1998 en el sexo masculino, en la franja de 60-69 años (annual percent change - APC = -3%, IC95%: -4,3; -1,6) y para el total de los ancianos (APC = -3,8%, IC95%: -4,4; -3,1). Considerándose el período como un todo, no se observaron puntos de cambios para la franja de 70-79 (average annual percent change - AAPC = -3,3%, IC95%: -3,5; -3,1) y en el sexo masculino para el grupo ? 80 años (AAPC = -2,9%, IC95%: -3,1; -2,6). Para el total de ancianos, la reducción del porcentaje medio fue 3,1% al año (AAPC = -3,1%, IC95%: -3,5; -2,7). Los resultados mostraron la reducción de la mortalidad por DCbV en el período estudiado, con diferentes variaciones porcentuales de caída de los coeficientes. Los hallazgos de este estudio añaden información para el debate sobre el posible efecto de las campañas de vacunación en la reducción de la mortalidad por DCbV dentro de la población anciana.

Evaluación del uso en adultos de cuatro vacunas: una encuesta poblacional en Argentina / Assessment of the use in adults of four vaccines: a population survey in Argentina

La vacunación es una de las estrategias más efectivas para la prevención de enfermedades. Argentina inició la transición de la vacunación del niño a la de la familia, incorporando la vacunación del adulto. Una de las dificultades con este último grupo es determinar el porcentaje de utilización (PU) de las vacunas. Con el objetivo de caracterizar el PU de las vacunas en adultos en Argentina, la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo que realizó el Ministerio de Salud de la Nación en 2013 incluyó un módulo de vacunación. El diseño muestral fue estratificado y multietápico. Fueron encuestadas 32 365 personas >18 años sobre el uso de cuatro vacunas incluidas en el Calendario Nacional de Vacunación: hepatitis B, tétanos, influenza y neumococo. Se consideró toda la población encuestada para tétanos y hepatitis B y ciertos grupos en riesgo para influenza y neumococo, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones. El PU varió según las vacunas analizadas: tétanos 49.8%, hepatitis B 21.7%, influenza 51.6% y neumococo 16.2%. Las principales fuentes de información sobre vacunas del adulto fueron, en primer lugar los medios públicos de comunicación (televisión, internet, etc.), y en segundo lugar el personal de salud (70.8% y 27.9%, respectivamente). Se concluye que la encuesta es una herramienta útil para evaluar el uso de vacunas por adultos, identificar poblaciones con baja cobertura, así como para planificar e implementar estrategias para mejorar la cobertura.

Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies for disease prevention. Argentina initiated the transition from child vaccination to family vaccination through the incorporation of an adult schedule. One of the difficulties with this last group is to assess the percentage of use (PU) of the vaccines. With the aim of determining the PU of adult vaccines in Argentina, a vaccination module was included in the National Survey of Risk Factors carried out in 2013 by the National Ministry of Health. The sampling had a stratified multistage design. A total of 32 365 people = 18 year-old were surveyed about the use of four vaccines included in the National Vaccination Calendar: hepatitis B, tetanus, influenza, and pneumococcus. The entire population was surveyed for tetanus and hepatitis B while certain groups at risk were evaluated for influenza and pneumococcus, according to current recommendations. PU varied according to the vaccine analyzed: tetanus 49.8%, hepatitis B 21.7%, influenza 51.6% and pneumococcus 16.2%. The main information sources on adult vaccination were media (television, internet, etc.) followed by health personnel (70.8% and 27.9%, respectively). The survey is a suitable tool to assess the use of vaccines by adults, identify low coverage populations, and to plan and implement strategies to improve coverage.

Influenza A não H1N1 associada à insuficiência respiratória e à insuficiência renal aguda em paciente com fibrose cística previamente vacinado / Influenza A non-H1N1 associated with acute respiratory failure and acute renal failure in a previously vaccinated cystic fibrosis patient

RESUMO No período sazonal compreendido entre 2014 e 2015, a maior parte das infecções por influenza decorreu do vírus influenza A H3N2. Mais de dois terços dos vírus influenza A H3N2 circulante eram antigênica e geneticamente diferentes (drift) do componente A H3N2 da vacina da influenza sazonal 2014 - 2015 para os hemisférios norte e sul. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de infecção por influenza A sazonal não H1N1 ocorrido em junho de 2015 em um paciente adulto com fibrose cística com doença pulmonar grave, previamente vacinado com a vacina antigripal trivalente. O paciente evoluiu com insuficiências respiratória e renal (sem rabdomiólise), sendo submetido à ventilação mecânica e à hemodiálise. A evolução clínica foi positiva após 39 dias de permanência hospitalar. Ainda, o paciente permaneceu clinicamente estável após seguimento de 18 meses. Com os avanços recentes na medicina intensiva e no tratamento, a sobrevivência com uma doença pulmonar avançada na fibrose cística apresenta novas questões e problemas potenciais, que ainda estão sendo formulados.

ABSTRACT In the 2014 - 2015 season, most influenza infections were due to A (H3N2) viruses. More than two-thirds of circulating A (H3N2) viruses are antigenically and genetically different (drifted) from the A (H3N2) vaccine component of 2014 - 2015 northern and southern Hemisphere seasonal influenza vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of seasonal influenza A non-H1N1 infection that occurred in June 2015 in an adult cystic fibrosis patient with severe lung disease previously vaccinated with the anti-flu trivalent vaccine. The patient evolved to respiratory and renal failure (without rhabdomyolysis) and was placed under mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis. The clinical outcome was positive after 39 days of hospital stay. In addition, the patient was clinically stable after 18 months of follow-up. With the recent advances in critical care medicine and in cystic fibrosis treatment, survival with advanced pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis presents new questions and potential problems, which are still being formulated.

Prevalência de vacinação contra gripe nas populações adulta e idosa com doença respiratória pulmonar crônica / Prevalencia de vacunación contra gripe en poblaciones adultas y de la tercera edad con una enfermedad respiratoria pulmonar crónica / Prevalence of influenza vaccination in adults and elderly with chronic respiratory diseases

O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de vacinação contra gripe nas populações adulta e idosa com doença respiratória pulmonar crônica (DRPC). Foram considerados os indivíduos com idades entre 20 e 59 anos (n = 23.329) e ≥ 60 anos (n = 9.019) que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM), realizada em 2013-2014. Estimaram-se as prevalências de vacinação contra gripe e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). As associações foram verificadas pelo teste qui-quadrado (Rao-Scott), considerando-se um nível de 5% de significância. Para o conjunto dos indivíduos com DRPC, a prevalência de vacinação foi de 42,1% (IC95%: 37,2-47,1), com diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação aos grupos etários (p < 0,001). Para a população adulta, verificaram-se diferenças significativas em relação à situação conjugal (p < 0,05), e para os idosos, observou-se maior prevalência no Sul em relação ao Nordeste (p < 0,05). Para o conjunto dos entrevistados, bronquite crônica foi a doença mais referida (43,5%). Considerando-se cada doença específica, o percentual de adultos vacinados foi baixo, variando de 25% (outras doenças pulmonares) a 42% (bronquite crônica), sem apresentar diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,330). Tanto os portadores de doença pulmonar quanto os idosos em geral (≥ 60 anos) fazem parte de grupos prioritários para a vacinação contra gripe e, de modo geral, para todos os subgrupos considerados, as prevalências estiveram abaixo da meta estabelecida pelo Ministério da Saúde. A recomendação da vacina pelos profissionais de saúde pode contribuir para uma maior adesão desse grupo à vacinação.

El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de la vacunación contra la gripe en las poblaciones adultas y de la tercera edad con enfermedad respiratoria pulmonar crónica (DRPC). Se consideraron a individuos con edades entre 20 y 59 años (n = 23.329) y ≥ 60 años (n = 9.019) que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional sobre Acceso, Utilización y Promoción del Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM), realizada en 2013-2014. Se estimaron las prevalencias de vacunación contra la gripe y los respectivos intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las asociaciones fueron verificadas por el test chi-cuadrado (Rao-Scott), considerándose un nivel de significancia de un 5%. Para el conjunto de los individuos con DRPC, la prevalencia de vacunación fue de un 42,1% (IC95%: 37,2-47,1), con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, en relación con los grupos etarios (p < 0,001). Para la población adulta, se verificaron diferencias significativas respecto a la situación conyugal (p < 0,05), y para los ancianos, se observó una mayor prevalencia en el Sur, en comparación con el Nordeste (p < 0,05). Para el conjunto de los entrevistados, la bronquitis crónica fue la enfermedad más reportada (43,5%). Considerándose cada enfermedad específica, el porcentaje de adultos vacunados fue bajo, variando de un 25% (otras enfermedades pulmonares) a un 42% (bronquitis crónica), sin presentar una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,330). Tanto los portadores de enfermedad pulmonar, como los ancianos en general (≥ 60 años), forman parte de grupos prioritarios para la vacunación contra la gripe y, de modo general, en todos los subgrupos considerados las prevalencias estuvieron por debajo de la meta establecida por el Ministerio de Salud. La recomendación de la vacuna por parte de los profesionales de salud puede contribuir a una mayor adhesión de ese grupo a la vacunación.

The objective was to estimate the prevalence of influenza vaccination in adults and elderly with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). The sample included individuals 20 to 59 years of age (n = 23,329) and ≥ 60 years (n = 9,019) that participated in the Brazilian National Survey on Access, Utilization, and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines (PNAUM) in 2013-2014. We estimated influenza vaccination prevalence rates and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Associations were verified with the Rao-Scott chi-square test, with significance set at 5%. For all adults and elderly with CRD, prevalence of vaccination was 42.1% (95%CI: 37.2-47.1), with a statistically difference between the two age groups (p < 0.001). The adult population showed significant differences according to marital status (p < 0.05), and the elderly population showed higher vaccination prevalence in the South of Brazil compared to the Northeast (p < 0.05). For the sample as a whole, chronic bronchitis was the most frequently reported disease (43.5%). Considering each specific disease, the percentage of vaccinated adults was low, varying from 25% (other respiratory diseases) to 42% (chronic bronchitis), without a statistically significant difference (p = 0.330). Individuals with respiratory diseases and the elderly in general (≥ 60 years) are priority groups for influenza vaccination; in general, in all the subgroups, prevalence rates were below the target set by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The recommendation that the vaccine should be applied by a health professional may explain this low adherence to vaccination by the elderly.

Vacinação contra influenza em idosos de Pelotas-RS, 2014: um estudo transversal de base populacional / Vacunación contra la influenza en adultos mayores del Pelotas-RS, 2014: un estudio transversal de base poblacional / Influenza vaccination among elderly in Pelotas-RS, Brazil, 2014: a population-based study

OBJETIVO: descrever a prevalência de vacinados contra influenza e fatores associados à vacinação em idosos, identificar motivos da não adesão e eventos adversos pós-vacinação. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, realizado na zona urbana de Pelotas-RS, Brasil, em 2014. RESULTADOS: dos 1.451 idosos, 71% se vacinaram; idosos com melhor classificação econômica (RP=1,2 - IC95% 1,1;1,4), que não estavam trabalhando (RP=1,2 - IC95% 1,1;1,3), fisicamente ativos (RP=1,1 - IC95% 1,0;1,2), ex-fumantes (RP=1,3 - IC95% 1,1;1,5), que consultaram com profissional de saúde no último ano (RP=1,2 - IC95% 1,1;1,4) e que relataram dois ou mais problemas de saúde (RP=1,2 - IC95% 1,1;1,4) apresentaram maiores prevalências; entre os não aderentes (n=414), o principal motivo foi 'não quis/não gosta' (45%); os eventos adversos mais relatados foram mal-estar (49/83) e dor muscular (30/83). CONCLUSÃO: a cobertura vacinal não foi universal; abordagens educativas são necessárias para esclarecer controvérsias sobre a eficácia, eventos adversos e benefícios da vacinação contra influenza.

OBJETIVO: describir la prevalencia de vacunación contra influenza y factores asociados EN adultos mayores, identificar causas de la no adherencia y eventos adversos. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal, realizado en el área urbana de Pelotas-RS, Brasil, en 2014. RESULTADOS: de los 1.451 adultos mayores, 71% fueron vacunados. los ancianos con mejor clasificación económica (RP=1,2 - IC95% 1,1;1,4), que no trabajaban (RP=1,2 - IC95% 1,1;1,3), físicamente activos (RP=1,1 - IC95% 1,0;1,2), ex fumadores (RP=1,3 - 1,1;1,5), que consultaron el último año (RP=1,2 - 1,1;1,4), o que informaron dos o más problemas de salud (RP=1,2 - 1,1;1,4) presentaron una mayor prevalencia; entre los no adherentes (n=414) el principal motivo fue 'no quería/disgusta' (45%); los efectos adversos más frecuentes fueron malestar general (49/83) y dolor muscular (30/83). CONCLUSIÓN: la cobertura de vacunación no fue universal; se necesitan enfoques educativos, aclarar las controversias sobre la eficacia, efectos adversos y beneficios de la vacunación.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the prevalence of individuals vaccinated against influenza and associated factors with vaccination among elderly; identify reasons for noncompliance and adverse events. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study, conducted in the urban area of Pelotas-RS, Brazil, in 2014. RESULTS: out of 1,451 elderly, 71% got vaccinated; the highest prevalences were observed in the elderly with better economic status (PR=1.2 - 95%CI 1.1;1.4), those who were not employed (PR=1.2 - 95%CI 1.1;1.3), those who were physically active (PR=1.1 - 95%CI 1.0;1.2), former smokers (PR=1.3 - 95%CI 1.1;1.5), those who were assisted by a health professional the previous year (PR=1.2 - 95%CI 1.1;1.4) and those who reported two or more health problems (PR=1.2 - 95%CI 1.1;1.4); the main reason for noncompliance (n=414) was 'did not want/do not like' (45%); the most frequently reported adverse events were malaise (49/83) and muscle ache (30/83). CONCLUSION: vaccination coverage was not universal; educational approaches are needed to clarify controversy on the efficacy, adverse events and benefits of vaccination.

Self-reported vaccination in the elderly: SABE Bogotá study, Colombia / El auto reporte de vacunación en los adultos mayores: Estudio SABE Bogotá, Colombia

Objectives: To determine the frequency of vaccination in older adults within the city of Bogotá and to estimate the association with sociodemographic and health factors. Methods: This is a secondary data analysis from the SABE-Bogotá Study, a cross-sectional population-based study that included a total of 2,000 persons aged 60 years. Weighted percentages for self-reported vaccination [influenza, pneumococcal, tetanus] were determined. The association between vaccination and covariates was evaluate by logistic regression models. Results: A total of 73.0% of respondents received influenza, 57.8% pneumococcal and 47.6% tetanus vaccine. Factors independently associated with vaccination included: 1- age (65-74 years had higher odds of receiving vaccinations, compared to 60-64 years; 2socioeconomic status (SES) (higher SES had lower odds of having influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, compared to those with lower SES); 3- health insurance (those with contributive or subsidized health insurance had higher odds (between 3 and 5 times higher) of having vaccinations, compared to those with no insurance); 4- older adults with better functional status (greater Lawton scores) had increased odds for all vaccinations; 5- older adults with higher comorbidity had increased odds for influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations. Conclusion: Vaccination campaigns should be strengthened to increase vaccination coverage, especially in the group more reticent to vaccination or vulnerable to reach it such as the disable elder.

Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia de vacunación en la población adulta mayor de la ciudad de Bogotá, y estimar la asociación con factores sociodemográficos y de salud. Métodos: Este es un análisis secundario de datos del estudio SABE-Bogotá, un estudio poblacional transversal que incluyó un total de 2,000 personas mayores de 60 años. Se obtuvieron porcentajes ponderados del auto-reporte de vacunación (influenza, neumococo, tétano). La asociación entre la vacunación y otras variables se evaluó mediante modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: el 73.0% se vacunó contra la Influenza, 57.8% contra el Neumococo y el 47.6% recibió la antitetánica. Los factores que estaba independientemente asociados con la vacunación incluyen: 1-edad (6574 tenían probabilidad aumentada comparada con 60-64 años); 2- nivel socioeconómico (NSE) (mayor NSE tenían menos probabilidades de tener vacunas contra la influenza y neumococo, en comparación con aquellos con menor SES); 3- seguro de salud (con seguro contributivo o subsidiado tenían probabilidades más altas, (entre 3 y 5 veces mayor) de tener vacunación contra la influenza, neumococo y tétanos, en comparación con aquellos que no tienen seguro); 4- aquellos con estado funcional mejor (puntaje mayor Lawton) tenían probabilidades mayores para todas las vacunas; 5- aquellos con morbilidad aumentada tenían probabilidades mayores para tener vacunas de influenza y neumococo. Conclusión: Las campañas de vacunación se deben fortalecer para incrementan la cobertura, especialmente en el grupo más reacio a la vacunación o vulnerable para alcanzarla tales como los adultos mayores con discapacidad.

Patterns of influenza B circulation in Brazil and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition

Abstract Data on the burden of disease and circulation patterns of influenza B lineages for Brazil are limited. This review aims to describe the pattern of influenza B occurrence in Brazil to have a better understanding of its epidemiology and its relevance when considering seasonal influenza vaccine composition. A review of the data including analysis of international and local surveillance data as well as information from online search of databases using Medical Subject Headings terms in conjunction with screening of abstracts from scientific events was performed. Based on international epidemiologic surveillance data, moderate levels of influenza B disease (19%; 2006–2014) were observed. Of these nine years, it was possible to compare data from three years (2007, 2008 and 2013) which have information on the circulating influenza B lineage. Co-circulation of influenza B lineages was observed in all these three influenza seasons, of which, during one season, a high degree of mismatch between the vaccine lineage and the predominant circulating lineage (91.4% [2013]) was observed. Local surveillance data reveal a distinct and dynamic distribution of respiratory viruses over the years. Data from published literature and abstracts show that influenza B is a significant cause of disease with an unpredictable circulation pattern and showing trends indicating reemergence of the B/Victoria lineage. The abstracts report notable levels of co-circulation of both influenza B lineages (2000–2013). Mismatch between the Southern hemisphere vaccine and the most prevalent circulating viruses in Brazil were observed in five influenza seasons. The evidence on co-circulation of two influenza B lineages and mismatched seasons in Brazil indicates the benefit of quadrivalent influenza vaccines in conferring broader seasonal influenza protection. Additionally, improving influenza surveillance platforms in Brazil is important for monitoring disease trends and the impact of introducing seasonal influenza vaccination.